EP124: How does SSH work?

This week’s system design refresher:

• How does SSH work?

• List of Subjects That Should be Mandatory in Schools

• 8 Common System Design Problems and Solutions

• Why is Nginx so popular?

• SPONSOR US

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How does SSH work?

SSH (Secure Shell) is a network protocol used to securely connect to remote machines over an unsecured network. It encrypts the connection and provides various mechanisms for authentication and data transfer.

SSH has two versions: SSH-1 and SSH-2. SSH-2 was standardized by the IETF.
It has three main layers: Transport Layer, Authentication Layer, and Connection Layer.

1. Transport Layer
   The Transport Layer provides encryption, integrity, and data protection to ensure secure communication between the client and server.
   

2. Authentication Layer
   The Authentication Layer verifies the identity of the client to ensure that only authorized users can access the server.
   

3. Connection Layer
   The Connection Layer multiplexes the encrypted and authenticated communication into multiple logical channels.

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An interesting list of subjects that should be mandatory in schools

While academics are essential, it's crucial to acknowledge that many elements in this diagram would have been beneficial to learn earlier.

Over to you: What else should be on the list? What are the top 3 skills you wish schools would teach?

Credit: Instagram accounts on startup_rules

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8 Common System Design Problems and Solutions

Do you know those 8 common problems in large-scale production systems and their solutions? Time to test your skills!

1. Read-Heavy System
   Use caching to make the reads faster.

2. High-Write Traffic
   Use async workers to process the writes
   Use databases powered by LSM-Trees

3. Single Point of Failure
   Implement redundancy and failover mechanisms for critical components like databases.

4. High Availability
   Use load balancing to ensure that requests go to healthy server instances.
   Use database replication to improve durability and availability.

5. High Latency
   Use a content delivery network to reduce latency

6. Handling Large Files
   Use block storage and object storage to handle large files and complex data.

7. Monitoring and Alerting
   Use a centralized logging system using something like the ELK stack.

8. Slower Database Queries
   Use proper indexes to optimize queries.
   Use sharding to scale the database horizontally.

Over to you: What other common problems and solutions have you seen?

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Why is Nginx so popular?

Nginx is a high-performance web server and reverse proxy.

It follows a master-worker process model that contributes to its stability, scalability, and efficient resource utilization.

The master process is responsible for reading the configuration and managing worker processes. Worker processes handle incoming connections using an event-driven non-blocking I/O model.

Due to its architecture, Nginx excels in supporting multiple features such as:

1. High-Performance Web Server

2. Reverse Proxy and Load Balancing

3. Content Cache

4. SSL Termination

Over to you: Do you know any other features supported by Nginx?

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