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This week’s system design refresher:
How Key value Stores Work (Redis, DynamoDB, Memcached)? (Youtube video)
The Modern Software Stack
Concurrency is NOT Parallelism
JWT vs PASETO: The Two Players of Token-Based Authentication
The Linux Cron Cheatsheet
AI Agent versus MCP
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How Key value Stores Work (Redis, DynamoDB, Memcached)?
The Modern Software Stack
In today’s world, building software means working across multiple layers, each with its own role, tools, and technologies. Here are 9 layers that make up most modern applications:
Presentation Layer (UI/UX): Handles how users interact with the application, focusing on visuals, layout, and usability.
Edge and Delivery (Optional): Brings content closer to users through global delivery networks, reducing latency and improving performance.
Integration Layer (API): Defines how different parts of the system communicate, enabling interoperability between components.
Messaging & Async Processing (Optional): Processes tasks and events in the background to improve scalability and responsiveness.
Business Logic Layer: Implements the core rules, workflows, and decision-making processes of the application.
Data Access Layer: Acts as a bridge between application logic and stored data, ensuring secure and efficient retrieval or updates.
Data Storage Layer: Stores, organizes, and manages the application’s structured and unstructured data.
Analytics & ML (Optional): Analyzes data to generate insights, predictions, and intelligent features.
Infrastructure Layer (Hosting / Runtime): Provides the computing environment and resources for deploying, running, and scaling the application.
Over to you: Which layer do you think is the most underrated in modern software development?
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Concurrency is NOT Parallelism
Concurrency: It’s a design approach where tasks can start, run, and complete in overlapping periods, even on a single CPU core. It is about managing multiple tasks at the same time.
The CPU rapidly switches between tasks (context switching), creating the illusion that tasks are progressing simultaneously, though they are not.
Concurrency is great for tasks that involve waiting, like I/O operations. It allows other tasks to progress during the wait, improving overall efficiency.
Parallelism: Refers to the simultaneous execution of multiple tasks, using multiple CPU cores.
Parallelism excels at heavy computations like data analysis or rendering graphics, where tasks can be divided and run simultaneously on different cores.
How They Work Together
It's important to note that while concurrency and parallelism are different concepts, they are closely related. A well-designed concurrent program can scale to use multiple cores for parallelism when needed.
By understanding the differences and interplay between concurrency and parallelism, we can design more efficient systems and create better-performing applications.
Over to you: Have you encountered any challenges with concurrency or parallelism?
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JWT vs PASETO: The Two Players of Token-Based Authentication
Token-based authentication has become quite popular over the years. Traditionally, JWTs have dominated this space.
But now, a new player is making waves: PASETO, or Platform-Agnostic Security Tokens.
So, what’s the difference between the two?
JWTs
JWT or JSON Web Tokens is an open standard for securely transmitting information between two parties.
A JWT consists of a Header, Payload, and Signature.
JWTs can be used to implement stateless authentication between client and server applications.PASETO
PASETO is a modern alternative to JWT. It addresses JWT's security flaws by implementing secure defaults.
Unlike JWT, PASETO enforces strong, cryptographically sound algorithms, reducing the risk of vulnerabilities.
A PASETO typically consists of Version, Purpose, and Payload. There are two types of PASETO:Public PASETO: They are signed using asymmetric cryptography and ensure the integrity of the data, but not its confidentiality.
Local PASETO: They are encrypted using symmetric encryption algorithms, ensuring the confidentiality of the data contained within the token.
Over to you: Have you used JWTs or PASETO in your applications?
The Linux Cron Cheatsheet
Cron is a time-based job scheduler that allows users to automate repetitive tasks by running commands or scripts at specified intervals. It uses a Cron expression, a syntax defining the schedule, which consists of five fields (minute, hours, day, month, weekday).
Cron is widely for system maintenance, backups, log rotation, and automation of tasks like sending emails or running scripts at regular intervals. In this cheatsheet, we cover:
The Cron Format
Some Cron Examples
Special Cron Strings
Special characters
Over to you: Have you used Cron?
AI Agent versus MCP
An AI agent is a software program that can interact with its environment, gather data, and use that data to achieve predetermined goals. AI agents can choose the best actions to perform to meet those goals.
Key characteristics of AI agents are as follows:
An agent can perform autonomous actions without constant human intervention. Also, they can have a human in the loop to maintain control.
Agents have a memory to store individual preferences and allow for personalization. It can also store knowledge. An LLM can undertake information processing and decision-making functions.
Agents must be able to perceive and process the information available from their environment.
Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a new system introduced by Anthropic to make AI models more powerful.
It is an open standard that allows AI models (like Claude) to connect to databases, APIs, file systems, and other tools without needing custom code for each new integration.
MCP follows a client-server model with 3 key components:
Host: AI applications like Claude
MCP Client: Component inside an AI model (like Claude) that allows it to communicate with MCP servers
MCP Server: Middleman that connects an AI model to an external system
Over to you: Have you used AI Agents or MCP?
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For some reason it looks so wrong and bloated.